Translation, Rotation, and Vibration

Definition

The three modes of molecular movement through which thermal energy is expressed as molecular motion.

Adding sensible heat increases translation, rotation, and vibration, spreading molecules farther apart. In solids, molecular motion is restricted primarily to vibration, which is why solids hold a defined shape and volume. As motion grows across all three modes, cohesion is progressively overcome and the substance moves toward liquid and gas states.

Related concepts

Molecular Motion · States of Matter · Sensible Heat

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Part of The Blueprint of Water · 🧪 chemistry