The Carbonate System
Everything in The Blueprint of Water about the carbonate system, anchored on Chapter 5: Carbonated Water.
Chapter
Concepts (45)
Acid Demand · Acid Dissociation of Carbonic Acid and Bicarbonate · Acid Feed for Scale Control · Air-Water Contact Surface Area · Amphoterism of Bicarbonate · Boiler Alkalinity Breakdown · Boiler Makeup Softening · Bond Polarity of CO2 · Buffering (Bicarbonate Buffer) · CO2 Generation Rule of Thumb · CO2 Stripping in Cooling Towers · Calcium Carbonate Scaling · Carbonate Equilibrium · Carbonate Mineral Weathering · Carbonate Speciation · Carbonation (Dissolution of CO2) · Carbonic Acid Formation · Charge Balance · Concentration (Lever) · Condensate Corrosion · Crossover pH Values · Dissociation Constants and Temperature · Dissolved Inorganic Carbon · Equivalent Weight · Estimating pH from Hydroxide Alkalinity · Evaporative Condenser · Gas Solubility and Temperature · Half-Carbonate Behavior · Hardness as CaCO3 · Henry’s Law · Inverse Solubility of Calcium Carbonate · M-alkalinity · Milliequivalents per Liter · Natural Water Stability · Neutralizing Amine Treatment · P or M Speciation Relationships · P- and M-alkalinity Titration · P-alkalinity · Pressure (Lever) · Temperature (Lever) · The Four Levers · Upstream Alkalinity Removal · mg or L as Calcium Carbonate · pH (Lever) · pH Sensor Redundancy
Formulas (10)
Alkalinity to Milliequivalents Conversion · Bicarbonate Thermal Decomposition in Boilers · Boiler CO2 Generation Rule of Thumb · CaCO3 Equivalent Weight · Carbonate Equilibrium Chain · Carbonate Hydrolysis at High Pressure · Carbonate Species from P and M Alkalinity · Henry’s Law CO2 Dissolution · Neutralizing Amine Dosage Estimate · pH from Hydroxide Alkalinity
Species (1)
Catalogs (1)
Practice problems (10)
P05.01 Henrys Law governs gas solubility How does it · P05.02 Write the full carbonate equilibrium · P05.03 Why is bicarbonate considered a buffer What · P05.04 A cooling tower operator stops feeding acid No · P05.05 A cooling tower makeup has 250 ppm alkalinity · P05.06 A water sample shows Palkalinity 80 ppm and · P05.07 A boilers feedwater Malkalinity is 15 ppm as · P05.08 A boiler sample shows Palkalinity 400 ppm and · P05.09 The chapter describes two strategies for · P05.10 The chapter opens with a story about 2000
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